Frost depth map michigan

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Frost depth map michigan. The winter of 2013 - 2014 was especially cold and the frost line reached a depth of 15 feet in some areas of Chicago. The average frost line in Chicago is about 7 feet per winter. This answer is:

The Frost and Freeze map shows where frost cant be expected and where temperature are forecast to fall below 32 degrees F. Frost is a solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. It is ...

Great Plains Satellite. - Pacific Northwest Satellite. - Cent. West Coast Satellite. - Southwest Satellite. Charlevoix, MI 49720 Weather. Michigan Snow Forecast. 49720 Area Snow Depth Reports. (most recent in last 48 hours)Published: Mar. 11, 2021 at 4:44 PM PST. UPPER PENINSULA, Mich. (WLUC) - Westerly winds howled more than 40 mph at times Thursday -- as if they were blowing away a winter season in the U.P. marked ...A frost depth map is a useful tool to give you a rough idea of how deep you need to dig into the soil to get to where the ground rarely freezes. Often, you’ll see contour lines on a frost-depth map where any point along that line represents the frost depth in those towns and cities where the line crosses. These lines are just guidelines and ...When a home is built according to code in its region, a homeowner may never need to worry about frost lines. But when you're building a new home, addition or deck, knowing how deep frost can reach in an average winter is a crucial part of the process.. The frost depth and building codes differ from region to region. Here's what you need to know about frost lines before undertaking a home ...Graphic maps of the area around 46° 26' 14" N, 89° 10' 30" W. Each angle of view and every map style has its own advantage. Maphill lets you look at Frost, Houghton County, Michigan, United States from many different perspectives. Start by choosing the type of map. You will be able to select the map style in the very next step.Update: Some offers mentioned below are no longer available. View the current offers here. Shinola Detroit is a company that's been making headlines lately -... Update: Some offers...An FPSF incorporates strategically placed insulation to raise the frost depth around a building, which allows for foundation depths as shallow as 16 inches even in the most severe climates (see Figure 1). ... AFI data and maps have been calculated using temperature data from the 1951-1980 and 1981-2010 Climate Normals. Cautionary Note When ...April 22, 2022. LANSING, Mich. - The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) and local agencies continue to adjust annual spring weight restriction areas to protect roads. Effective 6 a.m. Monday, April 25, weight restrictions will be lifted on all state trunkline highways from the southern Michigan border north to the Mackinac Bridge.

Knowing the local frost line depth is essential for proper installation of structures like pergolas, as minimum foundation depth requirements are typically 6 inches below the frost line. When considering fence post depth in southeast Michigan, it is important to obtain permits from the city, use crushed stone instead of concrete, and ensure a ...McGraw Hill. you have one map indicating the depth of frost, based in a survey of Bowles himself. The entire state of Massachusetts has there 0.9 m or 3 ft frost depth. However, it is the -based in some specific data- opinion of a foundation expert, not the code. Focht3 (Geotechnical) 14 Oct 03 22:44.The National Weather Service in White Lake issued the frost advisory for most of southeast Michigan on Wednesday, with the exception of Wayne and Monroe counties. Despite temperatures being in the ...Where applicable, the depth of footings shall also conform to Section R403.1.4.1. Deck footings shall be in accordance with Section R507.3 . R403.1.4.1 Frost protection."Effective 6 a.m. Monday, Feb. 13, weight restrictions will be imposed and enforced on all state trunkline highways from the Michigan/Indiana and Michigan/Ohio state lines north to and including M-55 from the intersection with US-31 in Manistee, then east on M-55 to the intersection with M-66 in Missaukee County, then north on M-66 to the intersection with M-55 in Missaukee County, then east ...

The map in Figure 2 shows the varying depth of seasonally frozen ground. new york state frost depth map. michigan solar projects. Jack Frost in the United States (Pennsylvania State) is a large resort with 11 lifts (10 chair lifts,1 surface lift) but it only has 183 metres (600 feet) of vertical descent.new york state frost depth map +1 (760) 205-9936. Home; Categories. palmetto high school basketball ticketsUpdated: Sep 14, 2023 / 01:27 PM EDT. The map below showed the Frost Advisory that was in effect for much of Northern Lower Michigan and part of Upper Michigan. The Advisory covered inland areas ...The marine chart shows depth and hydrology of Lake Orion on the map, which is located in the Michigan state (Oakland). Coordinates: 42.7829, -83.2584. 470 surface area ( acres ) 64 max. depth ( ft ) Lake Orion (Oakland, MI) nautical chart on depth map. Coordinates: 42.7829, -83.2584. Free marine navigation, important information about the ...With a transparent cabinet door, Ikea's great Dioder LED lights, and a little ingenuity, you can end up with a huge flat wall light on the cheap. With a transparent cabinet door, I...

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A frost depth map is one advantageous tool to give you a rough idea of method deep you need to dig into the soil to get to where the ground uncommon freezes. Repeatedly, you’ll see contour lines on a frost-depth map location anywhere point along that queue represents the frost depth in those towns and city where the line crosshairs. Which …Frost Map. The City of Frost is located in the State of Michigan.Find directions to Frost, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more.The Frost time zone is Eastern Daylight Time which is 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).This resulted frost heave can be detrimental until footings and foundations. That's reason b uilding codes specify basic footings be placement see aforementioned frost line. Add, water and sewer pipes need underground below the frost depth. The frost line map slide was drawn based-on on data from the U.S Department of Commerce.The Frost and Freeze map shows where frost cant be expected and where temperature are forecast to fall below 32 degrees F. Frost is a solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. It is ...A frost map helps determine the estimated first and last frost date in a given region and is a helpful tool to plan a garden. For maximum gardening success. Plant Library. ... Last and First Frost Dates for Michigan. The last frost dates in northern Michigan are May 16 to June 30. The last frost dates in southern Michigan are May 1 …

2022 - 2023 Snow Depth for Upper and Lower Michigan Data is updated 12 times daily from weather service data. New Data is added throughout the day as it becomes available. See text data below map for update times. Please note, not all stations update their data regularly. Date and time stamp listed for each station below in the text table.A Frost Depth for Footings Map is an essential tool for anyone involved in the construction of buildings, as it provides visual guidance on the required depth for footings in different regions to prevent frost heave damage. Here's how to check the frost depth requirements in your area using such a map: Locate a Frost Depth Map:Frost Line Map for Deck Footing Depth. Filter Total Items: 18. Note how it moves down from 72-inch depth to a 6-inch depth.The maximum frost line depth is 100-inches as seen near the tip of Minnesota, North Dakota, and Alaska, all the way to zero inches in Florida, southern Arizona, and southern California.If the map isn't accurate enough for ...MDOT says 3/4 of Michigan roadways are under weight restrictions to prevent damage to the infrastructure. ... Maps. Storm Reports. Weather Happenings. ... So, zero frost depth," Weingarten announced.Restrictions on all state trunk lines from the southern Michigan border north to and including M-43 in the City of South Haven east to US-131 in Kalamazoo County then south to I-94 in Kalamazoo ...Back To Map Utah Extreme Frost Line Penetration (in inches) State Average Frost Depth: 30″ Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, North Ogden CityAnnual spring weight restrictions start Friday to protect Michigan's roads. By Midland Daily News Jan 31, 2024. Effective 6 a.m. Friday, Feb. 2, weight restrictions will be imposed and enforced on ...The marine chart shows depth and hydrology of Indian Lake on the map, which is located in the Michigan state (Schoolcraft). Coordinates: 45.9848, -86.3266. 8659 surface area ( acres ) 16 max. depth ( ft ) Indian Lake (Schoolcraft, MI) nautical chart on depth map. Coordinates: 45.9848, -86.3266.Download scientific diagram | USGS Seismic Hazard Map Overlaying the Frost Depth Contours in Figure 1 from publication: AN ASSESSMENT OF BROAD IMPACT OF SEASONALLY FROZEN SOIL ON SEISMIC RESPONSE ...The marine chart shows depth and hydrology of Mullett Lake on the map, which is located in the Michigan state (Cheboygan). Coordinates: 45.5078, -84.5222. 17360 surface area ( acres ) 120 max. depth ( ft ) To depth map. To fishing map. Go back. Mullett Lake (Cheboygan, MI) nautical chart on depth map. Coordinates: 45.5078, -84.5222.First, the measured frost depths data in 2010 and 2011 in the State of Michigan and the calculated 12 cumulative freezing index values were used to develop one statistical pred iction model for sandy

The frost line depth for most of Michigan is 42 inches. This is the depth at which groundwater present in the soil freezes. Though this is the standard depth, other factors play a part in determining the frost depth for a particular area. Areas with nearby heat sources or asphalt generally remain warmer and do not freeze as deeply. Frost depth ...

certified shipwreck coins kevin chang troy, michigan obituary painless lump in buttock paris, illinois arrests. how deep is the frost line in michigan ...A frost protected shallow foundation (FPSF) is a practical alternative to deeper, more-costly foundations in cold regions with seasonal ground freezing and the potential for frost heave. An FPSF incorporates strategically placed insulation to raise the frost depth around a building, thereby allowing foundation depths as shallow as 16 inches ...MDOT says 3/4 of Michigan roadways are under weight restrictions to prevent damage to the infrastructure. ... Maps. Storm Reports. Weather Happenings. ... So, zero frost depth," Weingarten announced.About the plots: Depth and Thaw. -The plots contain 2 elements: Depth: This element refers to the depth of frost penetration. Observations are denoted by small boxes. If the ground is completely thawed, this will be zero. Thaw: This element refers to the depth that the ground has thawed. Observations are denoted by a small "x".February 23, 2023. LANSING, Mich. ­- The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) continues to adjust annual spring weight restriction areas in an annual move to protect roads. Effective 6 a.m. Friday, Feb. 24, weight restrictions will be imposed and enforced on all state trunkline highways within the following area of Michigan: Highways ...Frost depth is an important factor that affects the design of various transportation infrastructures including pavements, retaining structures, bridge foundations, utility lines, and so ... MDOT. Then, the thaw depth data measured in the state of Michigan were used to assess Nixon and McRoberts thaw depth predictions model. Since the model did ...Northern Upper Michigan Snow Depth. This map is created using observed snow depth from National Weather Service trained observers, satellite information and aerial snow surveys. This map is a product of the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing office located in Chanhassen, MN. Note: Snow depth values may be derived from yesterdays ...The 2010 California Residential Code has a beautiful table (TABLE R301.2(1)) to list the frost lines; however, that is empty. The Santa Cruz County Municipal Code states "Frost line depth = 12 inches below …First, 2010 and 2011 measured Michigan frost depth data and cal- ... Assessment of US Frost Depth Maps Considering Climate Change Effects. Conference Paper. Full-text available. Mar 2023;

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The National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center provides comprehensive snow observations, analyses, data sets and map products for the Nation. NOHRSC products and services support a wide variety of government and private-sector applications in water resource management, disaster emergency preparedness, weather and flood forecasting ...April 22, 2022. LANSING, Mich. - The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) and local agencies continue to adjust annual spring weight restriction areas to protect roads. Effective 6 a.m. Monday, April 25, weight restrictions will be lifted on all state trunkline highways from the southern Michigan border north to the Mackinac Bridge.The same things happen below ground when the surrounding soil and water freeze. Frost lines matter because “anything above them can move when it freezes,” says Josh Risberg, Family Handyman’s set builder and one of the editors working on magazine’s The Getaway project. This affects building foundations, deck footings and underground ...Short answer: Michigan Frost Law Map Michigan has a frost law that restricts heavy vehicles during the spring thaw period. The Department of Transportation provides an online map indicating which routes are under restrictions, and when those restrictions begin and end each year. It is important for commercial drivers to be aware of these regulationsR311.7.12.1 Treads of Ships Ladders. Treads shall have a depth of not less than 5 inches (127 mm). The tread shall be projected such that the total of the tread depth plus the nosing projection is not less than 8 1 / 2 inches (216 mm). The riser height shall be not more than 9 1 / 2 inches (241 mm).The frost depth, here in Northern Michigan? The frost depth for this area, and most of the state of Michigan, is 42". Footings are required to be a minimum of 42" deep., measured from the finish grade to the bottom of the footing. This page last updated on 8/7/2023.If you want to add names to a Michigan property deed to houses, you will have to file a quitclaim deed. This is generally true even if the person's name isn't on the mortgage as a ... Go to Learn about Michigan's species Learn about Michigan's diverse range of fish, plants, trees, reptiles, amphibians, insects and mammals. Click the box above to see all species, or click the species group below. Birds The standard frost depth for OBC governed construction shall be 32 inches (813 mm). (Ord. 733-06 § 22.) ...The Calhoun County Sheriff's Department and the Michigan State Police may enforce the seasonal weight restrictions and speed reductions while in effect. During this restricted period, state law requires the following: Reduction in the maximum axle loads by 35% on all types of roads. Tire loads cannot exceed 450 pounds per inch of tire width.Alabama – 6 inches. Georgia – 5 inches. California – 5 inches. South Carolina – 4 inches. Louisiana – 4 inches. Hawaii – 0 inches. Florida – 0 inches. Along with these frost lines, it’s also worth checking if any permits required for your deck from the state or Homeowners Association stipulate how deep your footings must be placed.• Future edition may include a risk-consistent frost depth map for conventional foundations correlated to the AFI map in the IRC and ASCE 32 based on work by Cornell University and NOAA. For example, Lincoln, NE (AFI = 1,500 oF-days) would have a design frost depth of 32" - not very different than current practice of 36" - southern U ... ….

The frost depth, here in Northern Michigan? The frost depth for this area, and most of the state of Michigan, is 42". Footings are required to be a minimum of 42" deep., measured from the finish grade to the bottom of the footing. This page last updated on 8/7/2023.The map is available on RCOC's web page at www.rcocweb.org, by calling RCOC's Customer Services Dept. at (248) 858-4835 or by visiting the department's offices at the RCOC facility at 2420 Pontiac Lake Road in Waterford Township (office hours are 7:30 a.m. to 4:15 p.m.).Depth Map of Frost Pond T3R11, Maine..... Below you will find a depth map of Frost Pond. Many people enjoy looking at a depth map before heading out fishing on a new body of water. Not a bad idea at all! Frost Pond Camps offers outdoor adventures at our cabin in Maine, ME. Visit us for your fishing, hunting, or hiking, vacation. Upper Michigan Snow Depth. This map is created using observed snow depth from National Weather Service trained observers, satellite information and aerial snow surveys. This map is a product of the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing office located in Chanhassen, MN. Note: Snow depth values may be derived from yesterdays reports ... Frost depth analysis showed that maximum frost depths vary from 110.4 cm to 179.1 cm. Figure 3. Lithuania frost depth map based on road weather stations data (Vaitkus et al. 2016) ...A frost date is the average date of the last frost in spring or the first frost in fall or winter. Frost occurs when air temperatures reach freezing: 32° Fahrenheit (0° Centigrade). However, a frost can occur even when air temperatures are just above freezing. Frost can damage young and newly planted plants, the new growth on …Jun 11, 2021 · The same things happen below ground when the surrounding soil and water freeze. Frost lines matter because “anything above them can move when it freezes,” says Josh Risberg, Family Handyman’s set builder and one of the editors working on magazine’s The Getaway project. This affects building foundations, deck footings and underground ... When excavating your deck footings, you'll need to dig below the frost line. Find out how deep the frost line is in your area with our frost depth map at Decks.com. A frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. The classification of freeze temperatures is based on their effect on plants: Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation. Frost depth map michigan, Frost Map. The City of Frost is located in the State of Michigan.Find directions to Frost, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more.The Frost time zone is Eastern Daylight Time which is 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)., Frost Map. The neighborhood of Frost is located in Saginaw County in the State of Michigan.Find directions to Frost, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more.The Frost time zone is Eastern Daylight Time which is 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)., We then assess the accuracy of existing frost depth maps by comparing the predicted frost depth for the selected locations to those estimated from existing maps. The results of the analysis show that frost depth is a function of meteorological parameters and soil’s dry density and water content. We also conclude that the existing contour …, About the plots: Depth and Thaw. -The plots contain 2 elements: Depth: This element refers to the depth of frost penetration. Observations are denoted by small boxes. If the ground is completely thawed, this will be zero. Thaw: This element refers to the depth that the ground has thawed. Observations are denoted by a small "x"., Date: 05/01/2024. Effective 6 a.m. Monday, April 15, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) will lift seasonal weight restrictions on all state trunkline highways in the state. State routes typically carry M, I, or US designations. State trunkline highways typically carry M, I, or US designations. Weight restriction information and ..., Note: The skirting has a tempering effect on freeze depth, which increases as the distance from the skirting increases. Accordingly, those portions of the foundation that are set 6 feet or more inward from the skirting may be 12 inches shallower than the depths shown in Map 1. However, a depth of at least 18 inches should be maintained to provide, 2022 - 2023 Snow Depth for Upper and Lower Michigan Data is updated 12 times daily from weather service data. New Data is added throughout the day as it becomes available. See text data below map for update times. Please note, not all stations update their data regularly. Date and time stamp listed for each station below in the text table., Great Plains Satellite. - Pacific Northwest Satellite. - Cent. West Coast Satellite. - Southwest Satellite. Grayling, MI 49739 Weather. Michigan Snow Forecast. 49739 Area Snow Depth Reports. (most recent in last 48 hours), Accurate frost depth prediction is an important aspect of engineering design for infrastructure including pavement, building and bridge foundations, and utility lines. ... College of Engineering, Michigan State University, Room 3546, 428 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226. ... Assessment of US Frost Depth Maps Considering Climate ..., R403.1.4Minimum depth. R403.1.4. Minimum depth. All exterior footings and foundation systems shall extend 42 inches (1067 mm) below actual grade. Where applicable, the depth of the footings shall also conform to Section R403.1.4.1 of the code. Exception: Upon evidence of the existence of any of the following conditions, the building official ..., Frost Depth Reports in regions of the central U.S. (NCRFC and MBRFC Regions) ... Frost depth data shown in this map are queried from the National Weather Service River Forecast Center (RFC) databases late morning each day. The values shown represent the latest measurement taken within the last seven days, so the observation times/dates vary. ..., List of Average Last Frost Dates for Locations in Michigan. Location. Average Last Frost Dates. Adrian. May 21 - May 31. Allen Park. May 11 - May 20. Allendale. May 21 - May 31., The Marquette County Road Commission put its seasonal weight restrictions in place on Wednesday, as mentioned in a previous Mining Journal article. For statewide weight restriction information and ..., Inland lake maps. Michigan has more than 11,000 inland lakes. For about 2,700 of these, we have inland lake maps available. Click on a county for a list of available lake maps in that county. While we make every effort to provide useful and accurate information, these maps may not be completely representative of current conditions., The marine chart shows depth and hydrology of Pontiac Lake on the map, which is located in the Michigan state (Oakland). Coordinates: 42.6676, -83.4547. 590 surface area ( acres ) 38 max. depth ( ft ) 5. Pontiac Lake (MI) nautical chart on depth map. Coordinates: 42.6676, -83.4547., Brokerage services offered through Frost Brokerage Services, Inc., Member FINRA/SIPC, and investment advisory services offered through Frost Investment Services, LLC, a registered investment adviser. Both companies are subsidiaries of Frost Bank. Insurance products are offered through Frost Insurance for solicitation in the state of Texas., Frost Depth Map; Soil Temperature; NRCS Soil Moisture ; Water Temperature; River Ice; NOHRSC Modeled SWE and Snow Depth; CPC Climate Outlook (8-14 Day) Tropical Weather; Severe Weather; Local Information. Runoff Risk ; Runoff Risk Version 1 -- WI only; NCRFC RSS Feed US Dept of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric …, Frost Line Penetration Map In The U.S. The frost line is simply the deepest point in the ground to which ground water will freeze. It’s also referred to as the frost depth. When water changes from liquid to solid, it expands 9% …, February 26, 2021 -- The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) and local agencies are enacting spring weight restrictions, an annual move to protect roads.. Effective 6 a.m. Monday, March 1, weight restrictions will be imposed and enforced on all state trunkline highways from the Michigan border north to and including M-20 from the interchange with US-31 in Oceana County, then east on M ..., Upper Michigan Snow Depth. This map is created using observed snow depth from National Weather Service trained observers, satellite information and aerial snow surveys. This map is a product of the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing office located in Chanhassen, MN. Note: Snow depth values may be derived from yesterdays reports ..., Frost Depth in IBC? Frost Depth in IBC? ... Code) Chapter 18, which, reportedly, corresponds to The 2000/2006 International Building Code (IBC), there is a map, which, in comparison to the "Old" 42" code requirement, is impractically deeper. ... I know the maximum depth contours vary greatly in Michigan. The key is "maximum" and not "average ..., In Mid-January, 2024, there is a large area in west central and central Minnesota with no drought designation at all, while the drought from 2023 lingers on for other parts of the state. The U. S. Drought Monitor map released on January 16, 2024 depicts 15% of the state free of drought designation. About 45% of the state was Abnormally Dry, and ..., The max frost wire depth is 100-inches as seen near the tip of Minnesota, Heading Dakota, and Alaska, all the way to ground inches in Florida, southern Arizona, also southern California. Frost Line by Zip Code. If an map isn't accurate suffi for you. Check your frost line by rear codification or address using which map from the National ..., Order No. 590.307-1 January 2006. WINTER CONSIDERATIONS. Ice Formation, Freezing Index, and Frost Penetration. This Factsheet outlines winter considerations of on-farm livestock water sources and water systems. Frost protection for ground water systems is usually for the water line from the well. The use of pitless adapters provides for a frost ..., Aug 7, 2023 · The frost depth, here in Northern Michigan? The frost depth for this area, and most of the state of Michigan, is 42". Footings are required to be a minimum of 42" deep., measured from the finish grade to the bottom of the footing. This page last updated on 8/7/2023. , BARBEAU AREA (M-129) - No Frost. This page lists various frost depth readings in 3 different areas of Chippewa County, Michigan. These readings are updated every Friday., R403.1.4 Minimum depth. Exterior footings shall be placed not less than 12 inches (305 mm) below the undisturbed ground surface. ... Except where otherwise protected from frost, foundation walls, piers and other permanent supports of buildings and structures shall be protected from frost by one or more of the following methods: 1. ... Updated Wind Speed …, We can be reached at 844-311-7678. Take a look at our frost depth map above to see the frost line in your area. 1 - Jun. Many codes have the minimum burial at 12" BELOW the frost line for your area. 4125.07 - Ohio Building Code, ElectricElectrical service and reconnections. Location-specific basic wind speeds shall be permitted to be determined ..., Mar 3, 2023 · Update #3: Annual spring weight restrictions changing on some Michigan roads. March 03, 2023. LANSING, Mich. ­- The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) continues to adjust annual spring weight restriction areas in an annual move to protect roads. Effective 6 a.m. Monday, March 6, weight restrictions will be imposed and enforced on all ... , With our Lake Maps App, you get all the great marine chart app features like fishing spots, along with Muskegon Lake depth map.The fishing maps app include HD lake depth contours, along with advanced features found in Fish Finder / Gps Chart Plotter systems, turning your device into a Depth Finder. The Muskegon Lake Navigation App provides …, About Frost Maps. Plantmaps maintains Frost data and maps for many regions on the earth. We've created Average First Frost Dates, Average Last Frost Dates and Average Number of days with Frost maps for most US States and Candian Provinces. Plantmaps also created maps for many countries around the world that are in latitudes where frost occurs., USGS Topographic Quadrangle Maps by County. To view a topographic map, open a county index map and click on an area of interest by either of the following two options: Click a county on the statewide map. Select a county from the listing below the map. Permission to copy/download topographic maps is granted for individual use., The ideal depth for deck footings in Michigan is typically 24” below the frost line. This ensures that the footings will not heave during periods of freezing and thawing. However, the depth of the footings may need to be adjusted based on the load bearing capacity of the soil. For example, if the soil has a high clay content, the footing ...